Surgical Oncology
Liver Cancer
Liver cancer may take the form of a primary tumour (hepatocellular carcinoma) or metastatic tumours arising from other organs. Hepatitis B/C, alcohol-related cirrhosis and metabolic liver diseases are the main risk factors.
Overview
Treatment takes the form of surgical resection, ablation, transplantation or regional chemotherapy depending on tumour size, number, liver reserve and accompanying conditions. A multidisciplinary board decision is essential.
Who Is It For?
- Carriers of chronic hepatitis B/C and patients with cirrhosis
- Those with complaints of right upper abdominal pain and unexplained weight loss
- Those in whom a liver metastasis is detected during follow-up for another cancer
- Individuals in whom a liver mass is identified on imaging
- Those in the risk group with a high alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level
Treatment Process
- 1
Pre-Assessment & Diagnosis
The diagnosis is confirmed and the stage of the disease clarified through a detailed history, physical examination and the necessary imaging and laboratory tests.
- 2
Planning & Preparation
An anaesthesia consultation, bleeding profile and review of any accompanying conditions are carried out; a multidisciplinary council decision is taken when needed.
- 3
Procedure / Operation
The procedure is performed with the technique most suitable for the patient (laparoscopic, robotic or open); tissue integrity and oncological principles are preserved.
- 4
Follow-up & Monitoring
Early mobilization, pain control and wound monitoring are provided; suture removal and a general assessment check-up are planned after discharge.
Recovery & Aftercare
The recovery process after liver resection is closely related to the volume of the section removed and the function of the remaining liver.
Hospital Stay
5–10 days
Recovery Time
4–8 weeks
Follow-up
Every 3 months for the first 2 years
Frequently Asked Questions
Does the liver regenerate itself?
Yes. A healthy liver can regenerate markedly within 6 to 12 weeks after resection of up to 50 to 70 percent.
Is ablation or surgery preferred?
The decision depends on the size, location and number of the tumour and on liver reserve. Microwave ablation/RFA is preferred for small peripheral tumours, while resection is the priority approach for large tumours.
When does a liver transplant come into consideration?
A transplant may be planned for early-stage HCC within the Milan criteria in patients with cirrhosis. The decision is made together with the transplant centre.
Is the hepatitis vaccine protective?
The hepatitis B vaccine markedly reduces the risk of liver cancer caused by the B virus. It is recommended for unvaccinated adults.
The medical information on this page has been reviewed by Prof. Dr. Vahit Onur Gül. Last updated: 31 Temmuz 2026.
This information is for general guidance only and does not replace examination, diagnosis or treatment. Please consult your physician about your symptoms.
Content officer / site editor: vahitonurgul@hotmail.com